Church architecture in Hertfordshire and elsewhere, art, books, and whatever crosses my path

Sunday 17 December 2017

Stained glass from Geneva cathedral


The museum or gallery outside Britain that I know best is the Museum of Art and History in Geneva; my wife grew up in the city, and we make regular trips there. MAH, as it's generally known, can't claim to have a world-class collection of paintings; few of the 'big names' are present. On the other hand, it does possess what I assume to be the finest collections of pictures by two Swiss artists who I'm ashamed to say I'd never heard of before first visiting the museum, Jean-Etienne Liotard (1702-89), and Ferdinand Hodler (1853-1918), both of whom I'm very glad to have learnt about.


The star attraction of the MAH's art collection is Konrad Witz's altarpiece of 1444, which includes this panel, 'The Miraculous Draft of Fishes'; its fame is due to its being the first painting to include a real, recognisable, closely observed landscape; earlier paintings had of course included landscapes, but they're generic rather than specific. Witz's painting shows the shores of Lake Geneva, very appropriately as the altarpiece was made for Geneva cathedral, and the familiar locale would have brought the story from the Gospels close to home.

Other artefacts originally from the cathedral and now in the museum are stained glass windows made for the apse in the later 15th century, but moved in 1888 and replaced by copies. They're not especially easy to photograph adequately, being inconsistently lit and having a display case in the middle of the room obstructing the view. However, I can't find a complete set of photos anywhere on the internet, so my attempts will have to do for now.

The figures are all richly apparelled, most of the men bearded, but it's the canopies that especially catch the eye. They're marvellous, rocketing above the saints and thoroughly outdoing them in visual flair. It's instructive to compare them with earlier canopies, for example these, made a century and a half or so before the Genevan examples. Canopies were a feature of stained glass from at least the 12th century, and to begin with were simple in design and two dimensional. During the 14th century in particular they displayed a delight in surface patterns. Later, in the 15th century, they became ever more elaborately three dimensional, and sometimes dominated the figures or scenes they sheltered.


St Paul, holding a book in his left hand and a sword, the instrument of his death (some legends say he was decapitated), in his right. This window dates from c.1460, and the signage in the museum says that it is attributed to Janin Loyel, about whom the internet and my stained glass library is silent. The head is a modern replacement. (According to the cathedral guide book, the window in the cathedral features the arms of Pope Clement VII (the Pope with whom Henry VIII tussled), but he wasn't born until 1478, so I don't understand why he is associated with an earlier work.)


The canopy appears to be square in plan, and the ribs hold up a small tabernacle-like structure, a miniature version of a crown steeple as seen, for example, on Edinburgh cathedral.

From Wikipedia
Structures like this were built in England and Scotland in the later 15th century; Edinburgh's example dates from 1495. Were there Swiss or French versions that the stained glass designer could have been thinking of?


St Andrew, with the same date and attribution. He has an open book in his left hand, and an X-shaped cross, the instrument of his martyrdom, in his right.


His canopy is hexagonal and more elaborate than St Paul's, with abundant foliage-like 'carving'. It features shields with crossed keys (I think the emblem of the cathedral chapter), and two angels precariously balance on ledges, playing a lute and a psaltery. Three stained glass windows are seen in the background.


St Peter, again with the same date and attribution, though heavily restored. He carries a book and the keys to the kingdom of Heaven. The tiled floor on which he stands shows no sign of an awareness of perspective, though Italian artists would have been familiar with the concept for a couple of decades.


His canopy is again hexagonal, and looks more like a structure that could actually have been built than those of Paul or Andrew.


St James the Greater, 1487, attributed to Etienne Fabri, known as Marlioz (another artist unknown to the internet). This is the most intact and least restored of the six windows. He carries his pilgrim's staff in his left hand and, on his pilgrim's hat, a scallop shell. In his right he holds a small open book with a decorative (possibly adorned with precious stones) cover. His robe is trimmed with ermine, a fur associated with royalty and important officials. All the figures in the windows are given a worldly splendour to echo their spiritual significance, but I don't know why James is particularly ostentatious.


His hexagonal canopy has ogee arches and much filigree tracery and ribbing. Just above his head are two musician angels, playing respectively a lute and a shawm. At the top, like tourists who've climbed a tower for the view, two prophets flank an Annunciation scene, with Mary on the left and Gabriel on the right. Perched on the flying ribs above them are eight birds, though they're hard to see in the museum or in the photo because the artificial light in the display case is inadequate.


At James's feet two handsome angels display the arms of the Malvenda family, who donated the window to the church.


The display case in the middle of the room makes it impossible to photograph St John the Evangelist directly from the front (at least, not without sneaking a stepladder into the museum). This window is also attributed to Marlioz, but dates from c.1500, a little later than that of St James. St John raises his right hand in benediction, and in his left displays a chalice on which is balanced a serpent or dragon, a reference to the Book of Revelation (which was traditionally attributed to him). His head and some other details are restorations. Unlike the other figures, who look out confidently from their windows, he avoids our gaze. Unlike the other men in the windows, he's clean-shaven.


My poor quality photo (sorry; I'll try to do better next time) makes the details of the canopy hard to read. Above the saint is an image of the Virgin Mary in glory emitting rays of light. She stands on a crescent moon. On the level of her head, at either side of the window, are two gargoyles in the form of (according to the museum signage) dogs spitting water. This could be another reference to Revelation; however, while dogs do feature in passing in the book, it's dragons that are described as spitting water, not dogs. Probably they are there to give architectural realism to the canopy; gargoyles do of course spout water.


At the bottom of the window are the arms of the donor family, the Faesch-Michelis, along with some appealing daisies.


St Mary Magdalen, c.1490, again attributed to Marlioz; her head is a restoration She holds the jar containing the spices with which she anointed Christ's body after the Crucifixion.


Her canopy, unlike all the others, is round. In it are two angels playing a lute and a harp respectively, and two prophets. Above the prophets are two more gargoyles spouting rainwater. I think the small central boss of the vaulting features the arms of the donor, Canon Francois de Charonsannay; if this is true, he was a model of self-effacement compared to the other donors, who expected their munificence to be loudly, unmistakably broadcast.


This fragment, once more attributed to Marlioz and dating from c.1500, comes from the top of a window, probably one depicting St Michael given to the cathedral by the canon Dominique de Viry.



Birds perch on the vine-like ribs of the canopy. Those on the far left and right look quite genial, while the other two are more heraldically assertive.

I'm struck by one feature of all the windows (except the fragment), which is that the leading is far more geometric than that of earlier stained glass. Most of the horizontal cames continue uninterrupted from one side to the other, and some of the ones in between are vertical, creating a brick- or tile-like pattern. Earlier stained glass had cames that followed the outlines of the design much more closely and organically; you could say that this later rigidity is the beginning of the end for a tradition of medieval stained glass that dated back at least five hundred years. When the Reformation arrived shortly after the last of these windows was made, stained glass as it had been practiced almost died out, to be replaced by a new tradition of painting in coloured enamels on (usually) regularly shaped pieces of glass. MAH's windows are just about the end of the line.

December in Geneva, from the MAH; on the right, a sculpture by Henry Moore, and, on the left, the imaginatively named Jet d'Eau.


The 19th century copy of St James now in the cathedral.

Wednesday 15 November 2017

Weston church, Herts



Weston church seems to try to keep itself secret. It's barely visible from any through road,  and, when approached by foot from the south east or south west, doesn't look particularly promising. The nave is unattractively cement-rendered and all the window tracery has been renewed. The general impression is of a typical late medieval building, typically heavily restored in the later 19th century. Only the Neo-Norman redbrick chancel is out of the ordinary.


Push the door open, however, and it's immediately clear that this impression is not the whole truth, for to your right is an exciting vista through four Russian doll-like arches, space unfolding from space in a manner rarely found in smaller churches. The first and nearest is that of the Perpendicular south aisle arcade, of the 15th century and with stubby columns, but through this is visible a plain Norman chancel arch, and through this another Norman arch leading into a north transept, and through this can be glimpsed the outline of yet another Norman arch. 


If you step back into the porch, the prospect acquires one more arch (of the 15th century), the south doorway, bringing the total to five, though the utilitarian blue door obstructs the view. 


Walk into the nave, and it becomes clear that you're looking at a complete Norman crossing.* The arches are so plain and austere - not even a chamfer - that it's tempting to call them early Norman. 


The capitals of the western arch are also unadorned, but those to the east have been decorated (probably to honour the sacredness of the chancel). 


The southern capital of the east arch has simple semi-circular scallops.


While the adjacent eastern capital of the south arch is similar but more elaborate, with the plain flat semi-circles becoming crescents, alternately either whole, like horseshoes, or with incised channels so that they look like beads on a necklace. Note how, in the photo above, on the right three crescents overlap, which they do nowhere else. Why is this? Did the mason want equal numbers of plain and beaded crescents, and found that he'd miscalculated as he reached the end (assuming he worked left to right), and so squeezed an extra one in? We can only speculate.



The capitals on the north are decorated with typically Norman billet moulding, as this style of short sections of demi-cylinders, like a cable that's been thoroughly diced, is called.






The Norman north transept survives more or less intact, though it's now the vestry. The north and west walls each have a typically tiny window; possibly originally they would have been unglazed (though probably shuttered), and their small size would have helped keep out the weather. It's moving to stand in what must be one of the oldest rooms in Hertfordshire, though the vestry paraphernalia doesn't contribute to the historic atmosphere.


The walls are thick, the Normans taking a better-safe-than-sorry approach to building.


We've already seen the arch on the east wall of the transept, as the culmination of our initial vista, and here it is again. It originally led into an apsidal (i.e. semi-circular) chapel. Probably the south transept and the original chancel also had apses.**

In 1840 Thomas Smith*** (1798-1875), who had already built or rebuilt the vicarage in 1838, was appointed to rebuild the chancel. It was decided to do so in the Norman style, to match the surviving crossing and transept (and the existing chancel, presumably). 


Smith built in stuccoed brick (the stucco has since been stripped) and in a light and airy manner, similar to the older structures in that the arches are round-headed, but dissimilar in just about every other way. Pevsner sniffily comments: 'It seems odd to us now to see how a hundred years ago such a brick chancel with such ornate trim was considered a match for the austerity of the original work.' If he had the chance, I imagine that Smith would retort that he wasn't interested in docile imitation, but in using what came before as a starting point for his own invention in order to complement it, and I think that, another half century or more since Pevsner pontificated, Smith would generally be acknowledged as having won the argument hands down. (What's more, Smith could point out that when he wanted to build in a historically accurate style he was quite capable of doing so, as he did at Silsoe, Beds, in 1829-31. Here he designed an entirely convincing 15th century Perpendicular church, at a time when no other architect was using Gothic 'correctly'.)




Pevsner can't even bring himself to mention the chancel's roof, which is an anachronistic hammerbeam construction, rather in the style of those in early Renaissance halls. (The Normans didn't use hammerbeams; the earliest examples date from the late 13th century.) I can't believe that such a structure was strictly necessary as the space to be bridged is not very wide at all, but Smith just fancied a bit of architectural bravura. and it looks absolutely splendid. With details, including the (again, structurally superfluous) pendants, picked out in gilt, it must have been very expensive. Hurrah for the confidence and courage of the early Victorians who commissioned, designed, built and paid for it.


The exterior has some characterful label stops.

While we're discussing the chancel, it's worth looking at its stained glass. It's all made by the firm James Powell and Sons (which worked from 1834 until 1980, firstly off Fleet Street in central London, and from 1923 in Wealdstone, on the north west fringes of the capital). The names of the individual designers have mostly not been recorded, however, (though perhaps they could be discovered by ploughing through the firm's archives in the Museum of London and the V & A).



The east window (set in an Early English style triplet of lancets rather than Neo-Norman windows) dates from 1902, and depicts the Adoration of the Ascended Christ. In the late Victorian and Edwardian periods stained glass companies often produced real stinkers, but fortunately this window is rather good. It shows the influence of the Arts and Crafts movement.




Most of the other chancel windows date from almost half a century earlier, 1856, and are in a completely different style.



This one shows the Resurrection. It could have been made 20 or 30 years earlier; it consists of what's essentially a realist painting on an oval glass panel, making very little concession to the medium. Powell's glass-firing technique evidently left a lot to be desired at this time, as much of the paint has faded to nothing, while the east window is excellently preserved.


The only window in the church that can be assigned to an individual designer is at the east end of the south aisle (which has subsumed the original Norman south transept). It's by Augustus Jules Bouvier (c.1825-81), and like the chancel windows dates from 1856 and was made by Powell's. The quarries (the diamond shaped small panes) are the same as in the chancel, but otherwise the style is different: note the stylised background, for example.

The Norman crossing and transept are undoubtedly the architectural highlight of the church, but, on a different scale, there's a lot more to see. The nave and aisle contain an exceptionally good collection of grotesque corbels, 29 of them in all, mostly 15th century but with some high quality Victorian ones among them. Those in the nave are all 15th century; they're shown here starting from the north west corner and going round clockwise.



A figure with hunched shoulders, and hands together as if in prayer.


A figure with a finger in his mouth, as if suffering from toothache, or perhaps a half-hearted mouth-puller (see the fourth corbel in the aisle).


A dumpy figure who has the appearance of straining to look out of a window to see something he finds shocking.


A figure wearing a crown, but otherwise of unregal appearance. He (or she) sticks his tongue out rudely and makes an unusual gesture with his hands.


A much more kingly king, though again he seems to have seen something perturbing.


This figure seems toothless, and shrinks from something in horror or disgust.


One of his arms starts at his shoulder, but the other sprouts from somewhere near his ear. He seems to be shouting.


This figure has a forked beard, and has his hand to his chin as if he's contemplating his next move in a game of chess.


He seems to be having a temper tantrum; he's going to thcweam and thcweam and thcweam until he's thick (he can, you know). (A poor quality photo. Sorry.)


Another king, looking serious and steadfast.


Another startled figure, with a beard.


A semi-comic, semi-sinister figure. He seems to be pulling his hoodie away from his face, perhaps to shout an insult across the nave.


A rather benign figure with his hand pointing to his throat. Like a previous figure, his arm, presumably because of the constraints of shape of the corbel, emerges from not where you'd expect it to; his elbow appears to be sunk into the wall.


A very serious and intent man, perhaps moustached, supporting his chin on his hand. He has eyes like marbles. It's possible that this corbel is Victorian.

Below are the corbels in the south aisle, again starting in the north west corner and going clockwise. They're mostly 15th century, but some are Victorian (the different coloured stone and crisper carving being the tell-tale factors).



This corbel is worn and damaged, but seems to depict a grimacing baboon-like creature.


A Victorian corbel of a a man wearing a wreath.


Another Victorian carving of a creature - I can't decide if it's like a cow or a some sort of smaller mammal.


A medieval mouth-puller. Such figures are surprisingly common in churches (there's one in Finchingfield, Essex, for example), though whether they have a serious significance or are simply meant to be funny we will never know.


The next corbel also has its hands (or paws) to its mouth. It's a mouse or similar creature, holding and eating a nut.


A frog- or toad-like creature with a baleful stare.


Another worn carving, but perhaps another frog-like animal.

 

This is perhaps the most interesting corbel in the church, in the south east corner of the aisle, to the top right of the crucifixion window. At first sight it might be taken for, like several of the carvings in the nave, a figure with misplaced arms, but closer inspection reveals it to be what's known as an acrobatic anus-shower, or anal exhibitionist. (As far as I'm aware, it's not previously been recognised as such.) Those aren't his arms at all, but his legs, and he's contorting himself to peer down with a perfectly straight face while he moons us. Exhibitionists aren't common in churches, but they're to be found far more often than you'd expect. People always ask what they mean, and why they're found in churches. I've tried to answer these questions while writing about other similar figures, in Whittlesford, Cambs and Felmersham, Beds, so I don't need to repeat myself here. (Spoiler alert: the answer is that we have no idea.)


A badly damaged carving; perhaps a heraldic lion.


A human-headed creature, perhaps poised to spring, and with a ruff or strangely trimmed beard.


A grimacing figure, not unlike some of the nave corbels.


A vigorous Victorian monster.


A Victorian man, looking Oscar Wildeish, with his right hand to his face and holding something cylindrical in his left.


A sour-faced Victorian goat.


A Victorian demon, baring his teeth.

Definitely not to be confused with the grotesque corbels is the roster of the vicars of Weston.



Unusually, and charmingly, this consists of not simply a list of dull names, but of photographs, all the way back to Benjamin Donne (1837-64). Most of the Victorian ones look terribly fearsome.

Weston church is very well worth seeking out, despite its attempts to hide itself away. It's generally open (though the outer door of the porch is often shut, though unlocked, and can be stiff - don't be deterred, shove).



* The other Herts Norman crossings can be found at Anstey, Hemel Hempstead and St Albans cathedral  (a spectacular example). 

** A Herts Norman apsidal chancel survives at Bengeo.

*** Smith had been appointed the County Surveyor of Hertfordshire in 1837. He held the same post in Bedfordshire from 1847 to 1855. He'd already built a Neo-Norman tower in his garden in Hertford in about 1834, and the mock ruins of a Norman castle in Benington, Herts, in 1835-8 (read about them here). (Pevsner attributes the design of the castle to the builders with whom Smith worked, James and Obadiah Pulham, but the latest research seems to contradict this.) Strangely enough, his Wikipedia entry is in French; (later in his life he worked in Cannes and Nice). Google's English translation of this entry, referring to the folly at Benington, states that 'In 1830, he received the commission of a madness in the Gothic style.'


The stair turret has a proud golden cockerel
View from the south east 
From the west




The upper stage of the tower dates from 1867